{
  "metadata": {
    "title": "MmowW Drone Law Comparison — 10 Countries",
    "last_updated": "2026-05-17",
    "source": "MmowW Gyoseishoshi Bible v3.0 Gold",
    "license": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution_url": "https://mmoww.net/drone/compare/"
  },
  "countries": [
    "uk",
    "de",
    "fr",
    "nl",
    "se",
    "au",
    "nz",
    "ca",
    "us",
    "jp"
  ],
  "country_names": {
    "uk": "United Kingdom",
    "de": "Germany",
    "fr": "France",
    "nl": "Netherlands",
    "se": "Sweden",
    "au": "Australia",
    "nz": "New Zealand",
    "ca": "Canada",
    "us": "United States",
    "jp": "Japan"
  },
  "country_flags": {
    "uk": "🇬🇧",
    "de": "🇩🇪",
    "fr": "🇫🇷",
    "nl": "🇳🇱",
    "se": "🇸🇪",
    "au": "🇦🇺",
    "nz": "🇳🇿",
    "ca": "🇨🇦",
    "us": "🇺🇸",
    "jp": "🇯🇵"
  },
  "items": [
    {
      "id": "registration",
      "label": "Registration Required",
      "values": {
        "uk": "Yes (250g+ or camera)",
        "de": "Yes (250g+ or camera)",
        "fr": "Yes (250g+ or camera)",
        "nl": "Yes (250g+ or camera)",
        "se": "Yes (250g+ or camera)",
        "au": "Yes (commercial; >500g rec.)",
        "nz": "No registration required",
        "ca": "Yes (250g+)",
        "us": "Yes (250g+ / 0.55 lb)",
        "jp": "Yes (100g+ — lowest globally)"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "reg_fee",
      "label": "Registration Fee",
      "values": {
        "uk": "£10.33/yr (Operator ID); Flyer ID Free",
        "de": "€20 individual / €50 corporate (one-time)",
        "fr": "Free (AlphaTango platform)",
        "nl": "Per RDW schedule",
        "se": "SEK 190 + SEK 250/yr renewal",
        "au": "Included in ReOC fee",
        "nz": "N/A (no registration)",
        "ca": "CA$6.97/drone + CA$125 RPOC",
        "us": "$5/aircraft (3 years)",
        "jp": "¥900 (My Number) / ¥1,450"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "exam",
      "label": "Exam / Test Requirements",
      "values": {
        "uk": "A2 CofC; GVC for Specific",
        "de": "A2 Kenntnisnachweis (€200-890)",
        "fr": "CATS exam (€30); A2 training",
        "nl": "A2 via approved center",
        "se": "Pilotkompetensbevis (free online)",
        "au": "RePL for >2kg commercial",
        "nz": "None for Part 101 commercial",
        "ca": "Basic/Advanced exam ($175)",
        "us": "Part 107 (60Q, $175)",
        "jp": "二等/一等技能証明 (school + exam)"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "insurance",
      "label": "Insurance Mandatory",
      "values": {
        "uk": "Yes (commercial — EU 785/2004)",
        "de": "Yes (ALL operators — €750K min)",
        "fr": "Yes (ALL operators — EU 785/2004)",
        "nl": "Yes (ALL operators — EU 785/2004)",
        "se": "Yes (commercial — SEK 1M+ min)",
        "au": "Not legally required",
        "nz": "Not legally required",
        "ca": "Required for SFOC only",
        "us": "No federal mandate",
        "jp": "Required for 25kg+ only"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "max_fine",
      "label": "Maximum Fine",
      "values": {
        "uk": "Unlimited (ANO s.241)",
        "de": "€50,000 (LuftVO §44)",
        "fr": "€75,000 (Code des Transports)",
        "nl": "€7,800 per violation",
        "se": "30-150 dagsböter (income-based)",
        "au": "AU$16,500 per infringement",
        "nz": "NZ$50,000 (corporate)",
        "ca": "CA$25,000 / CA$250,000 corp.",
        "us": "$27,500 civil / $250,000 criminal",
        "jp": "¥1,000,000 (Aviation Act)"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "imprisonment",
      "label": "Maximum Imprisonment",
      "values": {
        "uk": "5 years (ANO 2016)",
        "de": "5 years (StGB §315)",
        "fr": "1 year (Code des Transports)",
        "nl": "Administrative system primarily",
        "se": "2 years (gross negligence)",
        "au": "Civil Aviation Act provisions",
        "nz": "Per Civil Aviation Act 1990",
        "ca": "5 years (Aeronautics Act)",
        "us": "3 years (interference w/ aircraft)",
        "jp": "2 years (Aviation Act §157-6)"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "remote_id",
      "label": "Remote ID",
      "values": {
        "uk": "Phase 1 from Jan 2026 (voluntary)",
        "de": "Required Specific Cat. (Jan 2024)",
        "fr": "Signalement Électronique 800g+ (2019)",
        "nl": "Required C1+ class drones",
        "se": "Required Specific Cat. (Jan 2024)",
        "au": "No mandate (consulting phase)",
        "nz": "No mandate (not implemented)",
        "ca": "Under development (no mandate)",
        "us": "Fully enforced (Sep 16, 2023)",
        "jp": "Mandatory ALL registered (BT 5.0)"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "bvlos",
      "label": "BVLOS Operations",
      "values": {
        "uk": "OA via CAA (PDRA-01/SORA)",
        "de": "OA via LBA (SORA 2.5 from 2026)",
        "fr": "OA via DGAC (STS-02/SORA 2.5)",
        "nl": "OA via ILT (SORA 2.5 from Apr 2026)",
        "se": "OA via Transportstyrelsen (SORA 2.5)",
        "au": "ReOC + CASA specific approval",
        "nz": "Part 102 UAOC required",
        "ca": "Level 1 Complex + RPOC (Nov 2025)",
        "us": "§107.31 waiver (rare); Part 108 pending",
        "jp": "Level 3/3.5/4 system (First Class for L4)"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "night_flight",
      "label": "Night Flight",
      "values": {
        "uk": "Open: lighting required; Specific: per OA",
        "de": "Open: lighting required",
        "fr": "Open: lighting; Paris restricted",
        "nl": "Open: lighting required",
        "se": "Open: lighting required",
        "au": "Permitted with lighting (Part 101)",
        "nz": "Permitted with lighting (Part 101)",
        "ca": "Advanced Cert + lighting + flight plan",
        "us": "Permitted (Apr 2021) + 3SM lighting",
        "jp": "DIPS approval required (包括申請 OK)"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "urban",
      "label": "Urban / Over People",
      "values": {
        "uk": "A1: C0/C1; A2: C2 5m rule",
        "de": "A1: C0/C1; A2: C2; LuftVO §21h",
        "fr": "C0/C1 urban permitted (Jan 2026)",
        "nl": "STS-01 controlled ground area",
        "se": "A1/A2 subcategories; parks restricted",
        "au": "Not over populous areas (standard)",
        "nz": "Not over persons without consent",
        "ca": "Advanced Cert required near people",
        "us": "Category 1-4 system (DOC cert)",
        "jp": "DID permit required (DIPS 2.0)"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "airport",
      "label": "Airport Restrictions",
      "values": {
        "uk": "FRZ (varies 2-5km; ATC permission)",
        "de": "1.5km aerodrome; DFS authorization",
        "fr": "CTR zones; nuclear no-fly zones",
        "nl": "225 no-fly zones; Schiphol CTR",
        "se": "LFV/Dronechart coordination",
        "au": "5.5km controlled; 3NM non-controlled",
        "nz": "4km from any aerodrome (AirShare)",
        "ca": "3km prohibited; NAV CANADA RPAS app",
        "us": "LAANC at 726 airports; 400ft AGL",
        "jp": "Airport vicinity per gazette (DIPS)"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "weight",
      "label": "Weight Categories",
      "values": {
        "uk": "C0<250g C1<900g C2<4kg C3/C4<25kg",
        "de": "C0<250g C1<900g C2<4kg C3/C4<25kg",
        "fr": "C0<250g C1<900g C2<4kg; 800g+ SE",
        "nl": "C0<250g C1<900g C2<4kg C3/C4<25kg",
        "se": "C0<250g C1<900g C2<4kg C3/C4<25kg",
        "au": "Excluded<250g; Sub-2kg; 2-25kg; 25-150kg",
        "nz": "Part 101: <25kg (all sizes same rules)",
        "ca": "Micro<250g; Small<25kg; Medium<150kg",
        "us": "<250g exempt rec.; 250g-25kg Part 107",
        "jp": "<100g exempt; 100g-25kg; 25kg+ enhanced"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "commercial",
      "label": "Commercial Requirements",
      "values": {
        "uk": "Operator ID + A2 CofC/GVC + insurance",
        "de": "Registration + competency + insurance + OA",
        "fr": "Registration + CATS + insurance + OA",
        "nl": "Registration + competency + insurance + OA",
        "se": "Registration + license + insurance + OA",
        "au": "Sub-2kg: notification; >2kg: RePL+ReOC",
        "nz": "Part 101 allows commercial (no cert!)",
        "ca": "Basic/Advanced Cert + registration",
        "us": "Part 107 + registration + Remote ID",
        "jp": "Registration + cert + DIPS permit + logbook"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "processing",
      "label": "Processing Time",
      "values": {
        "uk": "Flyer ID: 24h; OA: 2-12 weeks",
        "de": "Registration: 1-3 days; OA: 4-12 weeks",
        "fr": "AlphaTango: immediate; OA: 4-8 weeks",
        "nl": "Registration: 10+ days; OA: 8-16 weeks",
        "se": "Operator-ID: 2-5 days; OA: 20-40 days",
        "au": "ReOC: 4-8 weeks; notification: immediate",
        "nz": "Part 101: immediate; Part 102: 4-12 weeks",
        "ca": "Registration: immediate; RPOC: 4-12 weeks",
        "us": "Registration: immediate; waivers: 90 days",
        "jp": "Registration: ~1 week; permit: ~10 days"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "difficulty",
      "label": "Difficulty Score",
      "values": {
        "uk": "6",
        "de": "7",
        "fr": "7",
        "nl": "7",
        "se": "8",
        "au": "5",
        "nz": "3",
        "ca": "6",
        "us": "5",
        "jp": "9"
      },
      "note": "MmowW Regulatory Complexity Index (1=easiest, 10=hardest). Based on: number of requirements, cost barriers, processing time, penalty severity, and bureaucratic layers."
    }
  ]
}